Emilio Aguinaldo, one of the revolutionaries as well as the first president of the Philippines, declared the Philippines independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, which resulted in the end of the Spanish colonization that lasted for almost 300 years.
However, the Filipinos would never expect that the independence was actually the start of the American occupation, although America joined the Philippines' side to aid them to be independent.
スペイン降伏後、パリ講和条約に従い、フィリピンは2千万ドルでアメリカに売却された。フィリピン国民はそのアメリカの裏切りに強い憤りを感じ、それが米比戦争へとつながった。
After the surrender of Spain, the Philippines was bought for $ 20,000,000 by America in accordance with Treaty of Paris. The Filipinos strongly resented the betrayal of America, which brought them to Philippine - American War (1898 - 1902).
その戦争でアメリカ側は4千人の戦死者を出し、フィリピン側は民間人も含め150万人もの戦死者を出してしまった。アメリカ軍は独立派やアメリカに反抗するフィリピン人を虐殺したため、
The war caused over 4,000 causalities in the American side, and 1.5 million causalities in the Philippines' side, including its civilians. Since American troops massacred Filipino rebels who were against America and claimed for the independence,
フィリピン人戦死者の数はかなり多く出てしまった。「10歳以上は皆殺し」、これはニューヨークジャーナルの風刺画の見出しであったが、まさに大虐殺が行われたと断言しているようなものだ
the number of Filipino causalities considerably increased. "KILL EVERY ONE OVER TEN", which was the caption in the New York Journal cartoon, affirmed that the massacre actually happened.
エミリオ・アギナルド捕獲後、フィリピンは1902年にアメリカに植民地化されてしまった。
After the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, the Philippines were colonized by America in 1902.
アメリカ占領中にはたくさんのことが成された。そのいくつかはフィリピンに利益を生み、いくつかはむしろ混乱を招いた。
A lot of things are done during the American occupation, some of which brought some benefits to the Philippines and some didn't, rather caused some confusions.
良い結果
Positive results:
- Progress in Education (教育の促進)
- Public Health and Welfare (福利厚生)
- Transportation and Communication (交通と電話)
- Literature and Language (文学と言語)
I would like just to focus on no. 1 and 2 this time. Some people are wondering why the Filipinos can speak English. Here is the brief answer: "because of the American occupation".
スペイン植民地時代のフィリピン人はスペイン語と義務教育の必須科目であるキリスト教について学ぶように勧められた。
The Filipinos during the Spanish colonization were encouraged to learn Spanish language and Christianity which was compulsory.
しかし、反対にアメリカはその言語の代わりに英語を学ぶように命令し、宗教に関わる教科を選択科目とした。
But, America, conversely, discourage them from learning the language in favor of English, and made the subject related to the religion optional.
政府の試験はすべて英語で行われたため、それに伴いその言語は全ての学校で必要不可欠になった。それはなぜ英語が国中全体で理解されているのかを裏付けている。
Government examinations were even conducted in English, thus, the language became critical in all schools, which today explains why English is understood throughout the Philippines.
悪い結果
Negative results:
- A replacement Filipino goods with American ones (アメリカ商品への交換)
- The de-Filipinization (脱フィリピン化)
With the establishment of free trade between America and the Philippines, it enabled both to export and import their own goods.
しかしながら、フィリピンの輸出は、麻・砂糖・タバコだけがアメリカ市場に入ることを許され、一方でアメリカは無制限に輸出できた。それゆえアメリカの商品は贅沢品から必需品へとシフトした。それはフィリピンならではの商品の過失へと繋がった。
However, Philippine exports are limited: hemp, sugar, and tobacco only were allowed to entry American markets. While America exports were unlimited. Thus, eventually American goods shifted "luxuries" to "necessities", which led to the loss of Philippine delicacies .
多くのフィリピン人はおそらく、論理的評価なしにアメリカからの物はいつも良品と考えるかもしれない。それは彼らの潜在意識に深く根付いている。
Most Filipinos probably think that something from America is always good without any logical evaluations, which has sunk into the subconscious of them.
そのような考え方は時々、論理的評価なしに「フィリピンからの物は劣悪品だ」と考えさせてしまう。
That kind of mindset inevitably makes the Filipinos think that "something from our country is inferior" without any logical evaluations.
フィリピン国民は混乱の中にいる、そしてアメリカの占領から未だに苦しんでるのかもしれない。
The Filipinos have been in confusion as ever and suffering from the side effect of the American occupation.
Source:
Teodoro A. 2012. History Of The Filipino People. C & E Publishing, Inc: Quezon City, Philippine
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